Measurement and Scaling Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Measurement and Scaling Concepts - Essay Example To Joppe (2000), validity determines what is intended to measure or how truthful the research results are, while Wainer and Braun (1998) further describe validity in quantitative research as, the â€Å"construct validity†. This â€Å"construct† is considered as the initial concept, question, notion, or hypothesis which determines the kind of data that is to be gathered and the manner on how it is to be gathered. Researchers can normally determine validity through asking a series of questions, as well as what will often come across from the answers in the study of others (p. 1). Reliability on the other hand, is the measure whether the research is repeatable; it determines to which extent a measure is comparatively free of random error or is consistent to the specified scores assigned to objects or events (Dipboye, Smith, & Howell, 1994). Kirk and Miller (1986) identified that there are three types of reliability which relate to: (1) the extent to which a measurement, agreed repeatedly, remains the same (2) measurement’s stability over time; and also (3) the similarity of measurements in a given time period (pp. 41-42). Charles (1995) added that, reliability can also mean a high degree of stability, which can be verified through replication of outcomes. In the business sector, according to Miglautsch (2005), any conceptual definition is referred to as an thought or abstraction of techniques as well as practices which include the limitations related to the adoption or application of the definition. Possibly, no one definition will entirely describe the concept, as dissimilar definitions are used for diverse purposes. A "good" conceptual definition should be used in a clear, precise, and complete manner as much as possible. In addition, Operational definition provides the variable/s the meaning based on how study is utilized to a particular study. In view of the fact that the meaning of the study rests on the manner as to

Native Americans' music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Native Americans' music - Essay Example The song text in Native American music is inclusive of both public and secret pieces. The secret song pieces have been used for sacred purposes and ceremonies alone and have been claimed to be both ancient and unchanging. There are public sacred songs and ritual speeches which are looked upon as being musical because of the way in which they use rhythm and melody, and the ritual speeches are often in direct description of the events of a ceremony and the reasons for and the ramifications of a certain ritual or a celebration. The native music of Washington state also includes the legacy of Native American Flute Music that held high significance in the long and rich tradition of their music. It has achieves some measure of fame for its distinctive sound and the music as such was used in assistance of courtship, healing, meditation, and spiritual rituals. The Native American flute is the only flute in the world constructed with two air chambers - there is a wall inside the flute between the top (slow) air chamber and the bottom chamber which has the whistle and finger holes. The top chamber also serves as a secondary resonator, which gives the flute its distinctive sound. There is a hole at the bottom of the "slow" air chamber and a (generally) square hole at the top of the playing chamber. A block (or "bird") with a spacer is tied on top of the flute to form a thin, flat airstream for the whistle hole (or "window"). Some more modern flutes use an undercut either in the block or the flute to eliminate the need for a spacer.